純(chun)凈的(de)(de)銅是紫(zi)紅色的(de)(de)金屬(shu)，俗稱(cheng)“紫(zi)銅”、“紅銅”或“赤銅”。純(chun)銅富有(you)延展性。象一滴水那么大小的(de)(de)純(chun)銅，可拉成(cheng)長達(da)兩公里的(de)(de)細絲(si)，或壓延成(cheng)比(bi)床(chuang)還大的(de)(de)幾乎(hu)透明的(de)(de)箔(bo)。純(chun)銅可貴的(de)(de)性質是導電性能(neng)非常好，在所有(you)的(de)(de)金屬(shu)中(zhong)僅(jin)次于銀,因(yin)此成(cheng)了電氣工業的(de)(de)“主角(jiao)”。    

                      

    純銅的用途比純鐵廣泛得多，每年有50％的銅被電解提純為純銅，用于電氣工業。這里所說的純銅，確實要非常鈍，含銅達99.95％以上(shang)才行(xing)。極(ji)(ji)少(shao)量的(de)(de)雜質(zhi)，特別是(shi)磷(lin)、砷(shen)、鋁等，會(hui)大(da)大(da)降低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)導電率。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中含氧(煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)時容易混入(ru)少(shao)量氧)對(dui)導電率影(ying)響很(hen)(hen)大(da)，用于(yu)電氣工業的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一般都必須(xu)是(shi)無氧銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。另外，鉛、銻、鉍等雜質(zhi)會(hui)使銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)結(jie)晶不(bu)能結(jie)合在一起，造成熱脆，也(ye)會(hui)影(ying)響純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)加(jia)工。這(zhe)種(zhong)純(chun)(chun)度(du)很(hen)(hen)高的(de)(de)純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，一般用電解法精制(zhi)：把(ba)不(bu)純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(即粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong))作(zuo)陽極(ji)(ji)，純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)作(zuo)陰極(ji)(ji)，以硫酸銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)溶液為電解液。當電流通過(guo)后，陽極(ji)(ji)上(shang)不(bu)純(chun)(chun)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)逐漸熔(rong)解，純(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)便逐漸沉淀(dian)在陰極(ji)(ji)上(shang)。這(zhe)樣精制(zhi)而(er)得的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；純(chun)(chun)度(du)可達99.99％。

    紫銅是比(bi)較(jiao)純凈的一(yi)種銅，一(yi)般可(ke)近似認為是純銅，導(dao)電性(xing)、塑性(xing)都較(jiao)好(hao)，但(dan)強度(du)、硬度(du)較(jiao)差一(yi)些(xie)。

黃銅的屬性和用途:

    黃銅是一種含有其它合(he)金成(cheng)分的銅，價(jia)格較紫銅便宜，導電性和(he)塑(su)性較紫銅差一點，但強(qiang)度(du)和(he)硬度(du)要高(gao)一些(xie)。

    黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)金(jin)。簡(jian)單的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-鋅(xin)二元合(he)(he)金(jin)，稱(cheng)為簡(jian)單黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)普通黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，改變(bian)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)可以得到不(bu)同機械性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中鋅(xin)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)(han)(han)(han)量(liang)越(yue)高，其強度也較高，塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)稍(shao)低(di)。工業中采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)(han)(han)鋅(xin)量(liang)不(bu)超過45%，含(han)(han)(han)(han)鋅(xin)量(liang)再高將會產(chan)生脆性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，使合(he)(he)金(jin)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能變(bian)壞。在黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中加1%的(de)(de)(de)錫能顯著改善黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)抗海水和海洋大氣腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)能力，因(yin)此稱(cheng)為“海軍黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”。錫能改善黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)切削(xue)加工性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能。鉛黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)即我們通常(chang)所說的(de)(de)(de)易削(xue)國標銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。加鉛的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)目的(de)(de)(de)是改善切削(xue)加工性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和提(ti)高耐磨性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，鉛對黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)強度影響不(bu)大。雕刻銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也是鉛黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)一種。多(duo)數黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)有良(liang)好(hao)色(se)澤、加工性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，易于電鍍或(huo)涂裝。

     在(zai)工業和民用(yong)上(shang)，根據不同(tong)的(de)使用(yong)特點來選(xuan)用(yong)不同(tong)的(de)材料。如做電線，要(yao)求較(jiao)柔(rou)軟，紫銅就好一些。如做聯(lian)接件，上(shang)螺(luo)絲的(de)地(di)方多(duo)選(xuan)用(yong)黃(huang)銅。

青銅的屬性和用途：

    原指銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錫(xi)(xi)合(he)金，后(hou)除黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以外的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合(he)金均(jun)稱青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，并常在(zai)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)名字前冠以主(zhu)要(yao)添加元(yuan)素的名。錫(xi)(xi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的鑄造性(xing)能(neng)、減摩(mo)性(xing)能(neng)好(hao)(hao)和(he)機械性(xing)能(neng)好(hao)(hao)，適(shi)合(he)於制造軸(zhou)承、蝸輪、齒輪等。鉛青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是現代發動機和(he)磨床(chuang)廣泛(fan)使用(yong)的軸(zhou)承材料。鋁青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)強度高，耐磨性(xing)和(he)耐蝕(shi)性(xing)好(hao)(hao)，用(yong)於鑄造高載荷的齒輪、軸(zhou)套(tao)、船用(yong)螺旋(xuan)槳等。鈹(pi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)磷青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的彈性(xing)極限高，導(dao)電性(xing)好(hao)(hao)，適(shi)於制造精密彈簧(huang)和(he)電接觸元(yuan)件，鈹(pi)青(qing)(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)還(huan)用(yong)來制造煤礦、油庫等使用(yong)的無火花工具。

白銅的屬性和用途：

    以(yi)鎳為主(zhu)要添(tian)加元素的(de)(de)銅(tong)合(he)金。銅(tong)鎳二元合(he)金稱普通白(bai)銅(tong)；加有錳、鐵、鋅、鋁等元素的(de)(de)白(bai)銅(tong)合(he)金稱復雜白(bai)銅(tong)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)業用白(bai)銅(tong)分(fen)為結構白(bai)銅(tong)和(he)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)白(bai)銅(tong)兩大類。結構白(bai)銅(tong)的(de)(de)特(te)點是機械(xie)性能(neng)和(he)耐蝕性好，色澤美觀。這種白(bai)銅(tong)廣泛用於制造(zao)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)(mi)機械(xie)、化工(gong)(gong)(gong)機械(xie)和(he)船舶構件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)白(bai)銅(tong)一般(ban)有良好的(de)(de)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)性能(neng)。錳銅(tong)、康(kang)銅(tong)、考銅(tong)是含(han)錳量不同的(de)(de)錳白(bai)銅(tong)，是制造(zao)精(jing)(jing)密(mi)(mi)電(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)儀(yi)器(qi)、變阻器(qi)、精(jing)(jing)密(mi)(mi)電(dian)(dian)阻、應變片、熱(re)電(dian)(dian)偶等用的(de)(de)材料(liao)。

如(ru)何(he)區分紫銅、黃銅、青(qing)銅與白銅：

    白(bai)銅(tong)、黃銅(tong)、紅(hong)銅(tong)（也(ye)稱為“紫銅(tong)”）、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)（青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)灰色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)者灰黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)）是從顏(yan)色(se)(se)(se)(se)上區(qu)別(bie)的，其(qi)中白(bai)銅(tong)、黃銅(tong)極易(yi)區(qu)分(fen)(fen)；紅(hong)銅(tong)是純銅(tong)（雜質<1％）、青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)（其(qi)他(ta)合金(jin)成分(fen)(fen)5％左右）稍(shao)難以區(qu)別(bie)。未氧化時(shi)，紅(hong)銅(tong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)澤較青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)亮，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)略(lve)帶(dai)青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)色(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)偏暗；氧化后(hou)，紅(hong)銅(tong)變為黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)，青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)銅(tong)則位青(qing)(qing)(qing)(qing)綠色(se)(se)(se)(se)（多(duo)水的有害(hai)氧化）或(huo)者巧(qiao)克力(li)色(se)(se)(se)(se)。