黃銅、磷(lin)銅、紫(zi)銅使用區別

      純凈的銅是紫紅色的金屬，俗稱“紫銅”、“紅銅”或“赤銅”。純銅富有延展性。象一滴水那么大小的純銅，可拉成長達兩公里的細絲，或壓延成比床還大的幾乎透明的箔。純銅可貴的性質是導電性能非常好，在所有的金屬中僅次于銀,因此成了電氣工業的“主角”。純銅的用途比純鐵廣泛得多，每年有50％的銅被電解提純為純銅，用于電氣工業。這里所說的純銅，確實要非常鈍，含銅達99.95％以上才行。極(ji)少(shao)量的(de)雜質，特(te)別是(shi)(shi)磷、砷(shen)、鋁等，會(hui)大大降低銅(tong)的(de)導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)。銅(tong)中含氧(yang)(煉(lian)銅(tong)時容易混入少(shao)量氧(yang))對導(dao)電(dian)率(lv)影響很大，用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)氣工(gong)業的(de)銅(tong)一(yi)般都必須是(shi)(shi)無氧(yang)銅(tong)。另外(wai)，鉛、銻、鉍等雜質會(hui)使銅(tong)的(de)結晶不(bu)(bu)能結合在一(yi)起，造(zao)成熱(re)脆(cui)，也會(hui)影響純(chun)銅(tong)的(de)加工(gong)。這種(zhong)純(chun)度很高的(de)純(chun)銅(tong)，一(yi)般用(yong)電(dian)解(jie)法(fa)精制：把不(bu)(bu)純(chun)銅(tong)(即(ji)粗銅(tong))作陽(yang)極(ji)，純(chun)銅(tong)作陰極(ji)，以硫酸銅(tong)溶(rong)液(ye)為電(dian)解(jie)液(ye)。當電(dian)流通過后，陽(yang)極(ji)上不(bu)(bu)純(chun)的(de)銅(tong)逐漸熔解(jie)，純(chun)銅(tong)便逐漸沉(chen)淀在陰極(ji)上。這樣精制而得的(de)銅(tong)；純(chun)度可達99.99％。

    紫銅(tong)是比較純凈(jing)的(de)一(yi)種銅(tong)，一(yi)般可近似(si)認為是純銅(tong)，導電性、塑性都較好，但強(qiang)度(du)、硬度(du)較差一(yi)些。

黃銅的屬性和用途:

    黃銅(tong)是一(yi)種含有其它合金成分(fen)的銅(tong)，價格較紫銅(tong)便宜，導電性(xing)和塑性(xing)較紫銅(tong)差(cha)一(yi)點(dian)，但(dan)強度(du)和硬度(du)要高一(yi)些(xie)。

    黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)與鋅的(de)合金。簡單的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)是(shi)銅(tong)(tong)-鋅二元合金，稱為(wei)簡單黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)或普通黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)，改(gai)(gai)變(bian)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)中鋅的(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)可以得(de)到不同機械(xie)性(xing)(xing)能的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)。黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)中鋅的(de)含(han)(han)量(liang)越高(gao)，其(qi)強(qiang)度也較(jiao)高(gao)，塑性(xing)(xing)稍(shao)低。工(gong)業中采用(yong)的(de)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)含(han)(han)鋅量(liang)不超過45%，含(han)(han)鋅量(liang)再(zai)高(gao)將會(hui)產生脆性(xing)(xing)，使合金性(xing)(xing)能變(bian)壞。在黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)中加(jia)(jia)(jia)1%的(de)錫能顯著改(gai)(gai)善(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)抗海水和(he)海洋大氣(qi)腐蝕的(de)能力，因(yin)此稱為(wei)“海軍黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)”。錫能改(gai)(gai)善(shan)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)切削加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)能。鉛(qian)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)即我(wo)們(men)通常所說的(de)易(yi)削國標(biao)銅(tong)(tong)。加(jia)(jia)(jia)鉛(qian)的(de)主要目的(de)是(shi)改(gai)(gai)善(shan)切削加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)和(he)提高(gao)耐(nai)磨性(xing)(xing)，鉛(qian)對黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)強(qiang)度影(ying)響不大。雕刻銅(tong)(tong)也是(shi)鉛(qian)黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)一種。多數黃(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)具有良好色澤、加(jia)(jia)(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)、延(yan)展性(xing)(xing)，易(yi)于電鍍或涂裝。

     在工業和(he)民用上，根據不同的使(shi)用特點(dian)來選用不同的材(cai)料。如做(zuo)電線，要求(qiu)較柔軟，紫銅就好一些(xie)。如做(zuo)聯接件(jian)，上螺絲(si)的地(di)方多選用黃銅。

青銅的屬性和用途：

    原指銅(tong)錫合金，后除黃銅(tong)、白銅(tong)以外(wai)的(de)銅(tong)合金均(jun)稱青(qing)銅(tong)，并常在(zai)青(qing)銅(tong)名(ming)字前冠(guan)以一主(zhu)要添加元(yuan)素的(de)名(ming)。錫青(qing)銅(tong)的(de)鑄造性(xing)(xing)能(neng)、減(jian)摩性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好和(he)(he)機械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)好，適合於(wu)制造軸承、蝸輪、齒(chi)輪等(deng)。鉛青(qing)銅(tong)是(shi)現代發動機和(he)(he)磨床廣泛使(shi)用(yong)的(de)軸承材料。鋁青(qing)銅(tong)強度高，耐磨性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)耐蝕性(xing)(xing)好，用(yong)於(wu)鑄造高載荷(he)的(de)齒(chi)輪、軸套(tao)、船用(yong)螺旋槳等(deng)。鈹青(qing)銅(tong)和(he)(he)磷青(qing)銅(tong)的(de)彈性(xing)(xing)極限(xian)高，導(dao)電(dian)(dian)性(xing)(xing)好，適於(wu)制造精密(mi)彈簧和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)接觸元(yuan)件，鈹青(qing)銅(tong)還用(yong)來制造煤(mei)礦、油庫等(deng)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)無火花工具。

白銅的屬性和用途：

    以鎳為(wei)主要添加元(yuan)素(su)的(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)合金。銅(tong)(tong)鎳二元(yuan)合金稱普(pu)通白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)；加有錳(meng)、鐵、鋅、鋁等元(yuan)素(su)的(de)(de)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)合金稱復雜白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)。工業(ye)用白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)分為(wei)結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)和電(dian)(dian)工白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)兩大類。結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)特(te)點是機械(xie)性(xing)能和耐蝕性(xing)好(hao)，色(se)澤美觀。這種白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)廣(guang)泛(fan)用於制(zhi)造精密(mi)(mi)機械(xie)、化工機械(xie)和船舶構(gou)件(jian)。電(dian)(dian)工白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)一般(ban)有良好(hao)的(de)(de)熱電(dian)(dian)性(xing)能。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)、康(kang)銅(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)是含錳(meng)量不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)，是制(zhi)造精密(mi)(mi)電(dian)(dian)工儀器(qi)、變(bian)阻器(qi)、精密(mi)(mi)電(dian)(dian)阻、應(ying)變(bian)片、熱電(dian)(dian)偶等用的(de)(de)材料。

如何區分紫銅(tong)、黃銅(tong)、青銅(tong)與白(bai)銅(tong)：

    白銅、黃銅、紅銅（也稱為“紫銅”）、青銅（青灰色或者灰黃色）是從顏色上區別的，其中白銅、黃銅極易區分；紅銅是純銅（雜質<1％）、青銅（其他合金成分5％左右）稍難以區別。未氧化時，紅銅色澤較青銅亮，青銅略帶青色或黃色偏暗；氧化后，紅銅變為黑色，青銅則位青綠色（多水的有害氧化）或者巧克力色。