純(chun)凈的(de)銅(tong)(tong)是紫紅(hong)色的(de)金屬，俗稱“紫銅(tong)(tong)”、“紅(hong)銅(tong)(tong)”或“赤銅(tong)(tong)”。純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)富有延展性。象一滴水那么(me)大小的(de)純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)，可拉成(cheng)長達兩公里(li)的(de)細絲，或壓延成(cheng)比床還大的(de)幾(ji)乎透明(ming)的(de)箔。純(chun)銅(tong)(tong)可貴(gui)的(de)性質是導電性能非(fei)常好，在所有的(de)金屬中(zhong)僅次于銀(yin),因此(ci)成(cheng)了(le)電氣(qi)工業(ye)的(de)“主角”。    

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    純銅的用途比純鐵廣泛得多，每年有50％的銅被電解提純為純銅，用于電氣工業。這里所說的純銅，確實要非常鈍，含銅達99.95％以上才(cai)行。極少量(liang)的(de)雜質，特別是(shi)磷、砷、鋁(lv)等，會大大降低銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)導電(dian)率(lv)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)含氧(yang)(煉銅(tong)(tong)(tong)時容(rong)易混入少量(liang)氧(yang))對導電(dian)率(lv)影(ying)響很(hen)大，用于電(dian)氣工業(ye)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)一般(ban)都(dou)必須是(shi)無氧(yang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)。另外，鉛、銻、鉍(bi)等雜質會使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)結(jie)晶不能結(jie)合(he)在一起，造成熱脆(cui)，也會影(ying)響純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)加(jia)工。這(zhe)種純(chun)(chun)(chun)度很(hen)高的(de)純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，一般(ban)用電(dian)解法精制(zhi)：把不純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(即(ji)粗銅(tong)(tong)(tong))作陽(yang)極，純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)作陰(yin)極，以硫(liu)酸(suan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)溶(rong)液為電(dian)解液。當電(dian)流(liu)通過(guo)后，陽(yang)極上不純(chun)(chun)(chun)的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)逐(zhu)漸(jian)熔解，純(chun)(chun)(chun)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)便逐(zhu)漸(jian)沉淀在陰(yin)極上。這(zhe)樣精制(zhi)而得的(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)；純(chun)(chun)(chun)度可達99.99％。

    紫銅是(shi)比較(jiao)純凈的一(yi)種銅，一(yi)般可近(jin)似認為是(shi)純銅，導電性、塑性都(dou)較(jiao)好，但強度(du)、硬(ying)度(du)較(jiao)差一(yi)些。

黃銅的屬性和用途:

    黃銅(tong)(tong)是一(yi)種(zhong)含有其它合(he)金成分(fen)的銅(tong)(tong)，價(jia)格(ge)較紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)便(bian)宜，導電(dian)性和(he)塑性較紫(zi)銅(tong)(tong)差一(yi)點，但強度和(he)硬度要高一(yi)些。

    黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)與鋅(xin)(xin)的合金(jin)。簡(jian)單(dan)的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)-鋅(xin)(xin)二元(yuan)合金(jin)，稱為簡(jian)單(dan)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)或(huo)普通黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，改(gai)變黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)鋅(xin)(xin)的含量(liang)可以得到不同機械性(xing)(xing)能(neng)的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)鋅(xin)(xin)的含量(liang)越高(gao)，其強度(du)也(ye)較高(gao)，塑(su)性(xing)(xing)稍低。工(gong)業中(zhong)(zhong)采(cai)用的黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)含鋅(xin)(xin)量(liang)不超(chao)過45%，含鋅(xin)(xin)量(liang)再高(gao)將(jiang)會產生脆性(xing)(xing)，使合金(jin)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)變壞。在黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)中(zhong)(zhong)加(jia)1%的錫能(neng)顯著(zhu)改(gai)善(shan)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的抗(kang)海水和海洋(yang)大氣腐蝕的能(neng)力，因此稱為“海軍黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)”。錫能(neng)改(gai)善(shan)黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的切(qie)削(xue)(xue)加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)。鉛黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)即我們通常(chang)所說的易削(xue)(xue)國標銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。加(jia)鉛的主要(yao)目的是改(gai)善(shan)切(qie)削(xue)(xue)加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)和提高(gao)耐磨性(xing)(xing)，鉛對黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的強度(du)影響不大。雕刻銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)也(ye)是鉛黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的一(yi)種。多數黃(huang)(huang)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)具(ju)有(you)良好色(se)澤、加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)(xing)、延展性(xing)(xing)，易于電鍍或(huo)涂裝(zhuang)。

     在(zai)工業和民用上(shang)，根據不同的使用特點來選用不同的材料。如做電線，要求(qiu)較柔(rou)軟(ruan)，紫銅(tong)就好一些。如做聯接件，上(shang)螺絲的地(di)方多(duo)選用黃(huang)銅(tong)。

青銅的屬性和用途：

    原指銅(tong)(tong)(tong)錫合金，后除黃銅(tong)(tong)(tong)、白銅(tong)(tong)(tong)以外的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)合金均稱青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)，并常(chang)在青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)名字前冠以主要添加(jia)元(yuan)素的名。錫青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的鑄造性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、減摩性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好和(he)機械性(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好，適合於制造軸承、蝸輪(lun)、齒輪(lun)等(deng)。鉛青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)是現代發(fa)動機和(he)磨(mo)床廣泛(fan)使(shi)用(yong)的軸承材料。鋁(lv)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)強度高，耐磨(mo)性(xing)和(he)耐蝕性(xing)好，用(yong)於鑄造高載(zai)荷的齒輪(lun)、軸套(tao)、船用(yong)螺旋槳(jiang)等(deng)。鈹(pi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)和(he)磷青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)的彈性(xing)極限高，導電性(xing)好，適於制造精密(mi)彈簧和(he)電接觸元(yuan)件，鈹(pi)青(qing)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)還(huan)用(yong)來制造煤礦、油(you)庫等(deng)使(shi)用(yong)的無火花工具(ju)。

白銅的屬性和用途：

    以鎳為(wei)主要添加元素的銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)。銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)鎳二元合金(jin)稱普通白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)；加有錳(meng)、鐵、鋅、鋁等(deng)元素的白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)合金(jin)稱復雜白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)。工(gong)業用(yong)(yong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分(fen)為(wei)結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)和電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)兩大類。結構(gou)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的特(te)點是機械性(xing)能和耐蝕性(xing)好，色澤美(mei)觀。這種(zhong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)廣泛用(yong)(yong)於制造精(jing)密機械、化(hua)工(gong)機械和船(chuan)舶構(gou)件(jian)。電(dian)工(gong)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)一般有良好的熱電(dian)性(xing)能。錳(meng)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、康銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、考銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是含(han)錳(meng)量不同的錳(meng)白(bai)(bai)(bai)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，是制造精(jing)密電(dian)工(gong)儀器(qi)、變(bian)阻(zu)(zu)器(qi)、精(jing)密電(dian)阻(zu)(zu)、應變(bian)片、熱電(dian)偶等(deng)用(yong)(yong)的材料。

如何區分紫銅、黃銅、青銅與白銅：

    白銅、黃銅、紅銅（也稱為“紫銅”）、青銅（青灰色或者灰黃色）是從顏色上區別的，其中白銅、黃銅極易區分；紅銅是純銅（雜質<1％）、青銅（其他合金成分5％左右）稍難以區別。未氧化時，紅銅色澤較青銅亮，青銅略帶青色或黃色偏暗；氧化后，紅銅變為黑色，青銅則位青綠色（多水的有害氧化）或者巧克力色。